Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.neures.2018.11.008

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

We previously reported that social isolation promotes parental care in sexually naive male mice. This effect was blocked by exposure to chemosensory and auditory social signals derived from males in an adjacent compartment. In the present study, we examined whether the chemosensory signals detected in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) are involved in parental behavior by using mice deficient for a VNO-specific ion channel (Trpc2(-/-))and thus impaired in VNO-input signaling. We housed virgin homozygous Trpc2(-/-) and heterozygous Trpc2(+/-) males for 3 weeks during puberty (5-8 weeks old) alone or in groups of 3-5 males. At 8 weeks of age, the mice were placed with three pups in an observation cage and tested for parental behavior. The Trpc2(-/-) males housed under isolated conditions spent significantly longer in the vicinity of pups than did the Trpc2(-/-) males than had been group housed, whereas no isolation effect was observed in heterozygous Trpc2(+/-) males. Both Trpc2 knockout and isolation housing significantly increased the time males spent licking pups and crouching (arched back posture over pups to enable nursing), whereas only isolation housing increased the incidence of retrieval behavior. These results demonstrated that social signals transmitted not only through the VNO but also from other modalities, independent of each other, suppress the expression of parental behavior during puberty in sexually naive males. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.11.004

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Maternal behavior in mice is considered to be sexually dimorphic; that is, females show maternal care for their offspring, whereas this behavior is rarely shown in males. Here, we examined how social isolation affects the interaction of adult male mice with pups. Three weeks of isolation during puberty (5-8 weeks old) induced retrieving and crouching when exposed to pups, while males with I week isolation (7-8 weeks old) also showed such maternal care, but were less responsive to pups. We also examined the effect of isolation during young adulthood (8-11 weeks old), and found an induction of maternal behavior comparable to that in younger male mice. This effect was blocked by exposure to chemosensory and auditory social signals derived from males in an attached compartment separated by doubled opaque barriers. These results demonstrate that social isolation in both puberty and postpuberty facilitates male maternal behavior in sexually naive mice. The results also indicate that airborne chemicals and/or sounds of male conspecifics, including ultrasonic vocalization and noise by their movement may be sufficient to interfere with the isolation effect on induction of maternal behavior in male mice. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.07.007

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本生物科学者協会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD  

The birth date of neurons comprising the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the rat preoptic area (SDN-POA) was determined by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) injections at a prescribed time during the embryonic period. Calbindin immunostaining was used as a marker to identity the SDN-POA The animals were bred from dams injected with BrdU on days 14, 16 or 18 of pregnancy (fertilization defined as day 1). On day 15 after birth (PD). all offspring were euthanized and brain sections were prepared for histology. Neurogenesis in the SDN-POA began around embryonic day (ED) 14 and culminated on ED 18, whereas the preoptic neurons surrounding the SDN-POA generated earlier than did those of the SDN-POA. Although the SDN-POA was significantly larger in males than in females at PD 15, the total numbers of neurons comprising the SDN-POA were not significantly different between sexes. Similar aggregates of somatostatin mRNA-positive cells in the central portion of the SDN-POA were observed in both sexes at PD8. On PD15, the aggregates became scattered in males, whereas the aggregates in females remained congested These data suggest that sexual dimorphism in the SDN-POA results from male-specific postnatal radial spreading of cells rather than cell proliferation during embryonic neurogenesis. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neures.2010.05.008

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-LISS  

Immunohistochemistry using a calbindin D28k antibody revealed a marked sex difference in neuronal distribution in the central portion of the medial preoptic area in C57BL/6J and ddN strains of mice when the animals were sacrificed on D65 (D1 = the day of birth). Male mice had a distinct ellipsoidal cell aggregate, whereas females lacked such a structure. This sex difference was not observed in Nissl-stained sections. Co-localization of calbindin D28k and the neuron-specific nuclear protein NeuN confrmed that the cells in the aggregate were neurons. The aggregates were larger in males than in females in both strains. When observed on D65, males orchidectomized on D1 had smaller aggregates. However, daily injections of 2 mu g estradiol benzoate through D1-D5 as well as a single injection of 100 mu g testosterone propionate on D1 enlarged the aggregates in females, but a single injection of 100 mu g dihydrotestosterone on D1 had no effect on the female phenotype. Similar endocrine manipulations had no effects in adult animals of both sexes. Thus, the calbindin-immunoreactive cell aggregates in the preoptic area of C57BL/6J and ddN mice are homologous to the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the rat preoptic area in terms of the morphology and sex steroid-dependent organization. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3618-3629, 2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/cne.22419

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Language：English   Publisher：ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD  

DOI： 10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1540

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ENDOCRINE SOC  

In situ hybridization detected a transient, sex-specific transcription of somatostatin gene in the central part of the rat medial preoptic nucleus, which coincides with the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA), during, but not after, the establishment of sex difference. On postnatal d 1 (day of birth), somatostatin mRNA was detected in the SDN-POA of both sexes. On d 8 through 35, the area of somatostatin mRNA-positive cells was significantly larger in males than in females. In males the area attained its maximum size on d 15 and diminished gradually thereafter. In females the area did not change in size during this period. On d 60 expression of somatostatin mRNA was low and not different between sexes. Throughout the observed period, Nissl staining and calbindin immunohistochemistry enabled visualization of the typical SDN-POA in the same region. As with Nissl staining and calbindin immunohistochemistry, somatostatin mRNA hybridization on d 15 revealed a reversal of the sexual dimorphism in the size of the SDN-POA in males that had been neonatally orchidectomized or females given estrogen as pups, showing that sex steroid milieu during the organizational period determines the area occupied by somatostatin mRNA-positive cells. Sex-specific, transient transcription of the somatostatin gene may causally relate to the estrogen-dependent organization of the SDN-POA.

DOI： 10.1210/en.2006-1214

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：じほう  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD  

Sexual dimorphism in the expression of oestrogen receptor (ER)beta mRNA and protein was characterized in the rostral forebrain of the rat and its dependence on the neonatal endocrine environment was revealed. We present novel data demonstrating, in gonadectomized adult rats, that the amount of oestrogen caused a significant reduction in the number of ERbeta messages and protein in the ventromedial nucleus in both sexes, but no such effects were detected in the preoptic area or the amygdala. in gonadectomized females, more so than in males, the ventromedial nucleus of the adult rat contained a significantly larger number of ERbeta-positive neurones both in terms of ERbeta mRNA and protein. in the juvenile rat on day 14, sex difference in ERbeta expression was already observed in the ventromedial nucleus. Treatment of neonatal females with oestrogen from days 1-10 or neonatal orchidectomy of males reversed the sex difference in the ventromedial nucleus when observed on day 14, showing that the neonatal presence of oestrogen had caused irreversible masculinization of this structure. Our results suggest that sex-specific expression of ERbeta is patterned by perinatal hormone exposure: down-regulation of ERbeta caused by oestrogen in a region-specific manner.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2004.01254.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

The anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) of the preoptic area has been implicated in the induction of spontaneous ovulation. In the AVPV, we found a striking sex difference in the distribution of estrogen receptor (ER) positive cells. In females, a significantly larger number of ER mRNA-positive cells were visualized than in males using in situ hybridization in the most medial part of the AVPV next to the ependymal lining of the third ventricle. In males, the labeled cells were dispersed into more lateral region. Immunohistochemistry revealed a similar sexual dimorphism in the ER protein. The dimorphism persisted from Day 7 to Day 60. Orchidectomy of male neonates or estrogen treatment of female pups had reversed the brain phenotype when examined on Day 14. No gross sex difference was detected in the pattern of ER expression in the medial preoptic nucleus and the bed nucleus of the stria terminals. Estrogen receptor immunoreactive cells co-localization in 83% of ER mRNA positive cells in the AVPV of adult females. Infusion of an ER antisense oligonucletide into the third ventricle resulted in a significantly longer period of successive vaginal estrus and 50% reduction in the number of ER-immunoreactive cells in the AVPV. These findings suggest an important role of ER AVPV in the female-typical estrogen-dependent induction of the luteinizing hormone surge. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0739-7240(03)00047-X

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD  

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) mRNA-positive cells were visualized by non-isotopic in situ hybridization histochemistry in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and the preoptic area (POA) in gonadectomized juvenile female and male rats. In the rostral POA (rPOA) at the level of the anteroventral periventricular nucleus, nNOS mRNA-positive cells were distributed in an inverted V-shaped area over the third ventricle and were in close proximity to cell bodies of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-immunoreactive neurons. In the caudal POA (cPOA) at the level of the medial preoptic nucleus, no topological association existed between GnRH and nNOS. Throughout the rPOA, both the number and the area of nNOS mRNA positive cells were significantly larger in the gonadectomized females than in the gonadectomized males. Treatment with estradiol for 2 days, followed by progesterone in the next morning, which caused an increase in serum luteinizing hormone 6 h later, induced a significant reduction of the nNOS mRNA expression in the rPOA in the female but not in the male rat at the time of sacrifice. In the OVLT and the cPOA, ovarian steroids had no effect on nNOS mRNA expression of both sexes. The results indicate that nNOS mRNA expression in the rPOA is sexually dimorphic and regulated by ovarian steroids in a sex specific manner. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0168-0102(02)00025-1

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATL ACAD SCIENCES  

Striking sex difference was detected in the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) 0 mRNA and protein by nonisotopic in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) of the rat preoptic area. In females more than in males, a significantly larger number of ERbeta mRNA-positive cells were visualized in the medial-most portion of the AVPV within 50 mum from the ependymal lining of the third ventricle. Rats of 7, 14, 21, 35, and 60 days of age (d 1 = day of birth) showed the sex difference. Orchidectomy of male neonates or estrogen treatment of female pups reversed the brain phenotype when examined on d 14. In the AVPV of adult females, ERalpha immunoreactivity colocalized in 83% of ER mRNA-positive cells. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity colocalized in 18% of ERbeta immunoreactive cells in d 21 females. infusion of an ERbeta antisense oligonucleotide into the third ventricle in the vicinity of the AVPV resulted in significantly longer days of successive estrus and a 50% reduction in the number of ERbeta-immunoreactive cells in the AVPV. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that activation of ERbeta in the AVPV is an important regulatory event in the female-typical induction of luteinizing hormone surge by estrogen.

DOI： 10.1073/pnas.052707299

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Estradiol is involved in the differentiation and plasticity of hippocampal neurons. In the CA1 region, estrogen treatment increases dendritic spines and synapse density on pyramidal cells. In the adult hippocampus, immunoreactivity for estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) has been reported in inhibitory interneurons, but neither in the pyramidal neurons nor in granule cells. Estrogens also mediate aspects of sexual differentiation of the hippocampus. To examine the possibility that an alteration in expression of the two types of estrogen receptors (ER alpha and ER beta) in the hippocampus underlies different roles of estrogen and/or ERs during development and in adult life, we applied non-isotopic, digoxigenin (dig)-labeled, in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) for the both ER forms and examined the distribution pattern of their messages in serial, frontal sections over the postnatal period and in the adult. ER alpha mRNA expression was found scattered throughout the hippocampus especially in the hilar region of the dentate gyrus, and in the strata radiatum and pyramidale in the cornus ammonis at postnatal days (PND) 14, 21 and 35. In the hilus of the dorsal hippocampus, the density of ER alpha-labelled cells was greater in the rostro-medial aspect, while less in the lateral and the caudal region. In the ventral hippocampus the signals for ER alpha mRNA were also found in relatively high density in the hilus. No significant sex difference in distribution and intensity of the ER alpha mRNA positive cells were detected. The hippocampal distribution of ER alpha mRNA expression at PND 14 remained the same on PND 21 and 35 and in adulthood. As reported for adults, ER alpha mRNA signals appear to be in interneurons of the hippocampus but neither in the pyramidal cells nor in the dentate granular cells based on their size and location. In contrast to the result of ER alpha, no clear signals for ER beta mRNA were detected in the hippocampus across all ages examined, whereas they were clearly detected in the hypothalamus. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0165-3806(00)00016-X

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：メジカルセンス  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Taylor and Francis Ltd.  

The neuroendocrine response to stress in the rat displays gender-specific characteristics resulting from both sex hormone-dependent organization of jieuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms and the modulatory action of circulating gonadal steroids. To define the role of gonadal steroid-mediated brain differentiation in the emergence of sex-specific differences in pituitary-adrenal function, and the necessity of physiological gonadal secretions for the manifestation of these differences, we examined the ontogeny of diurnal and stress-induced corticosterone (B) secretion, and suppressibility of the latter by dexamethasone (DEX) in intact male and female rats, and in animals that were subject to neonatal manipulations of the gonadal steroid environment (orchidectomy in males and neonatal estrogenization in females). Further, gene expression of corticosteroid receptors (MR and GR), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) under basal conditions, and following adrenalectomy (ADX) and chronic supplementation with high doses of B, were investigated in adult male and female rats, and individuals of both sexes which have been exposed to alterations of the gonadal steroid milieu during early development. The results demonstrate that: i) gender-specific differences in basal and stress-induced adrenocortical secretion are present at birth, but are still maleable by neonatal alterations of the gonadal steroid environment
ii) gender-specific dichotomy in the sensitivity of the secretory stress response to glucocorticoid feedback becomes fully manifest in adulthood
Hi) sex differences in basal adrenocortical secretion become fully expressed only in the presence of intact gonads, whereas, once established by the neonatal hormonal milieu, differential sensitivity of the stress response to glucocorticoids persists in the absence of functioning gonads
iv) neonatal hormone manipulations alter sex-specific characteristics of CRH, AVP, MR and GR gene expression in the brain, and the changes persist in adulthood independently of gonadal secretions
v) regulation of CRH gene expression by glucocorticoids displays gender-specific patterns which are probably established during the period of sex hormone-dependent brain organization and their manifestation does not require physiological gonadal secretions in adulthood. © 1999 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association) Amsterdam N.V. Published by license under the Gordon and Breach Publishers imprint.

DOI： 10.3109/10253899909001111

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：早稲田大学人間総合研究センタ-  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-LISS  

Estrogen regulates the synaptic plasticity and physiology of the hippocampus as well as learning behaviors that are mediated by the hippocampus. The density of dendritic spines and synapses, the number of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) binding sites, the levels of NMDA receptor subunit NR1 protein, muscimol binding to the gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)(A) receptor, and levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase message in the CA1 region of the hippocampus are altered with estrogen treatment. In addition, some of these parameters exhibit sex differences in their response to estrogen treatment. To establish that estrogen can have a direct effect on the hippocampus and to determine whether or not sex differences in estrogen responsiveness are due to sex differences in estrogen receptor (ER) levels, we used immunocytochemistry with the AS409 antibody to map the location of ER-immunoreactive (ER-ir) cells in the hippocampus of male and female rats. We found that (1) the ERs appear to be in interneurons rather than pyramidal or granule cell neurons, (2) ER-ir cells are located in greatest concentration in the hilus of the dentate gyrus and the stratum radiatum of the CA1 region, (3) the density of ER-ir cells exhibits a rostral to caudal gradient in the hilus and the CA1 regions, (4) there are no sex differences in either the number or immunostaining intensity of ER-ir cells in the hippocampus, (5) the ER levels are down-regulated by estrogen in both male and female rats, and (6) the mean intensity of staining for the ER-ir cells in the hippocampus is about 25% of that in the ER-ir cells of the hypothalamus. From this, we can conclude that estrogen can have a direct effect on hippocampal neurons and that any sex differences in estrogen responsiveness is due to something other than sex differences in ER levels or function in the hippocampus. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19971201)388:4<603::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-6

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD  

Expression of the estrogen receptor (ER) in the preoptic area (POA) and the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) in newborn female rats was studied by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH). The number of ER immunoreactive (ER-IR) cells decreased and expression of ER mRNA was suppressed in the arcuate (ARH) and the ventromedial (VMH) hypothalamic nuclei by daily injections of estradiol benzoate (EB) for ten consecutive days. In contrast, in the POA, expression of ER mRNA was not suppressed by EB treatment, while the ER immunoreactivity and the number of ER-IR cells was decreased by EB treatment. Results of quantification of ER mRNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction correlated well with results from ISHH: that is: ER mRNA expression decreased in the MBH but not in the POA. Thus, estrogen affects ER gene expression differently in these two brain regions.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

The transient expression of estrogen receptor (ER) in the ventromedial subnucleus of the facial nucleus was previously detected in the newborn rat, and the expression of ER molecules was down-regulated by daily injections of estradiol. Here we examined possible involvement of aromatization in this process. ER molecules were measured by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry after daily injections of testosterone propionate (TP;100 mu g/0.02 ml) and estradiol benzoate (EB; 10 mu g/0.02 ml) in the male pups castrated within 24 h of birth. Daily injections of TP for 5 consecutive days did not suppress ER and ER mRNA in the facial nucleus, while they were both suppressed by daily injections of EB. Moreover, aromatase immunoreactivity was not detected in the facial nucleus of both castrated, TP injected and intact control males at 6 days of age. The present findings therefore suggest that ER molecules expressed transiently in the facial nucleus are not directly involved in masculine sexual differentiation of the brain in newborn rat.

DOI： 10.1016/0006-8993(95)00723-4

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL  

Estrogens, derived from the aromatization of testosterone in the brain, account for sex-specific organization of neural circuits controlling gonadotropin release and sexual behavior. This study examines the possible organizing role of perinatal gonadal steroids in the manifestation of known, albeit unexplained, male-female differences in basal and stress-related adrenocortical secretion. We document here the existence of gender-specific differences in the gene expression of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and hippocampal and hypothalamic glucocorticoid receptors (GR), diurnal corticosterone secretion, as well as in the responsiveness of CRH and GR mRNA levels to exogenous estradiol, In addition, we report that neonatal estrogenization of female rats profoundly affects several regulatory substrates of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, namely, the gene expression of CRH, arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and GR in the brain, and the responsiveness of these parameters to estrogen, The neonatal treatment appeared to ''defeminize'' a number of neuroendocrine mechanisms related to HPA function; these changes were reminiscent of those observed in earlier studies on sexual differentiation of reproductive behavior and hormonal secretion, The results indicate a pivotal role for estrogens during early development for the determination of gender-specific differences in HPA function in the mature animal and demonstrate for the first time that the brain-organizing actions of gonadal steroids may extend to nonreproductive neuroendocrine axes.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Expression of the messenger RNA coding estrogen receptor (ER-mRNA) was detected in the ventromedial subnucleus of the facial nucleus of the newborn rat by in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH). The hybridization signal in this subnucleus increased from 1 to 6 days of age, then decreased at 11 days. By immunohistochemistry (IHC) using an antiserum which detects estrogen receptor (ER) specifically, immunopositive signals were also detected in the same subnucleus of the adjacent sections. On the other hand, neither of these signals were encountered in the same subnucleus of the adult rat. Thus, the present result extend our previous work (Yokosuka and Hayashi, 1992) showing that the expression of the ER in the facial nucleus is transient. A sex difference in the expression of ER molecules was not apparent by ISHH and IHC. Moreover,,daily injections of estradiol from the day of birth suppressed the expression of ER in the subnucleus at 6 and 11 days of age. Thus, as has been detected in the mediobasal hypothalamus, ER-mRNA was revealed to be down-regulated by estrogen.

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Applied Entomology and Zoology  

In order to clarify the regulation mechanism for eclosion hormone synthesis and secretion, fundamental culture conditions for brain-corpora Cardiaca-corpora allata complexes (Br-CC-CA complexes) of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, were established. When 10 brains were placed in 3ml of CSM-2F medium, eclosion hormone activity was detected throughout the cultured periods. On the 6th day of the cultivation, the positive response for Bombyx eclosion hormone assay from the cultured brains was about 60%, and thereafter the activity decreased with the culture. Eclosion hormone activity was first detectable from the cultured medium 6 days after the cultivation. The highest eclosion hormone titer in the cultured medium was 22.5 units. It was concluded that culture conditions were not appropriate for the hormone synthesis since the hormone titer in brains and culture media was extremely low compared with those in vivo. Therefore, the culture conditions were modified for using Br-CC-CA complexes. It seemed suitable to culture 10 Br-CC-CA complexes together in 1ml of CSM-2F medium with a gentle stream of air at 25±1°C in 16 L-8 D. In these conditions, an increase of about 2-fold in eclosion hormone titer was observed in a brain during 12 day culture periods. Although the eclosion hormone activity was not detected in CC-CA and media at the initiation of culture, hormone activity in CC-CA could be detected 4 days after onset of the cultivation. Furthermore, the hormone titer in CC-CA became 2 units after 12 days cultivation. On the other hand, 55 units of hormone titer was detected in 1ml of the medium 12 days after onset of cultivation, indicating that 5.5 units of hormone were released from 1 Br-CC-CA complex. Eclosion hormone titer detected from cultured Br-CC-CA complexes and media and expressed as the titer from a single Br-CC-CA complex coincided well with the hormone titer present in 1 intact animal. Morphological changes of brain and CA were scarcely observed during 16 days culture periods in the CSM-2F medium. These results indicate that the synthesis and secretion of eclosion hormone occurred during the culture periods.

DOI： 10.1303/jjaez.34.63

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Other Link： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010471990

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN SOC APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL  

DOI： 10.1303/jjaez.31.116

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ZOOLOGICAL SOC JAPAN  

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Language：English   Publisher：SPRINGER TOKYO  

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Publisher：PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN  

Somatostatin is widely distributed in the central nervous system and the periphery, and is implicated in neuronal survival or neurogenesis. The number of somatostatin neurons is sexually dimorphic in the human or rat bed nucleus of the stria terminals. In the rat, one of the most prominent brain sex differences is found in the volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA), and which is significantly larger in the male than in the female. The difference also depends on the gonadal-steroid milieu during the critical period. In the present study, a transient, sex-specific transcription of somatostatin gene was detected by in situ hybridization in the rat SDN-POA, during the establishment of sex difference. On postnatal day 1 (day of birth), somatostatin mRNA was detected in the SDN-POA of both sexes. On days 8 through 35, the area of somatostatin mRNA-positive cells was significantly larger in males than in females. In males, the area attained its maximum size on day 15 and diminished gradually thereafter. In females, the area did not change in size during this period. On day 60, expression of somatostatin mRNA was low and not different between sexes. As with Nissl staining and calbindin immunohistochemistry, somatostatin mRNA hybridization on day 15 revealed a reversal of the sexual dimorphism in the size of the SDN-POA in males that had been neonatally orchidectomized or females given estrogen as pups. Sex-specific, transient transcription of the somatostatin gene may causally relate to the estrogen-dependent organization of the SDN-POA. &lt;b&gt;[J Physiol Sci. 2008;58 Suppl:S14]&lt;/b&gt;

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Publisher：PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN  

Somatostatin, originally identified as a hypothalamic peptide that inhibits the secretion of pituitary growth hormone, is widely distributed in the central nervous system and the periphery, and is implicated in neuronal survival or neurogenesis. By using non-isotopic &lt;U&gt;in situ&lt;/U&gt; hybridization histochemistry, we report here that somatostatin gene is expressed transiently in the central part of the rat medial preoptic nucleus, which coincides with the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA), during, but not after, the establishment of sex difference. On postnatal day 1 (day of birth), somatostatin mRNA was detected in the SDN-POA of both sexes. On days 8 through 35, the area of somatostatin mRNA-positive cells was significantly larger in males than in females. In males, the area attained its maximum size on day 15 and diminished gradually thereafter. In females, the area did not change in size during this period. On day 60, expression of somatostatin mRNA was low and not different between sexes. Throughout the observed period, Nissl staining and calbindin immunohistochemistry enabled visualization of the typical SDN-POA in the same region. Orchidectomy of males on day 1 decreased, and administration of estradiol benzoate to females (10 &amp;micro;g in 0.02 ml sesame oil) on days 1 through 10 increased the volume of somatostatin mRNA-positive areas which corresponded to the SDN-POA, when observations were made on day 15. Sex-specific, transient transcription of the somatostatin gene may causally relate to the estrogen-dependent organization of the SDN-POA. &lt;b&gt;[J Physiol Sci. 2007;57 Suppl:S174]&lt;/b&gt;

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD  

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Publisher：PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN  

ER&amp;beta; mRNA and protein were visualized in the adult rat forebrain by non-isotopic, digoxigenin-labeled in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. All ER&amp;beta;-mRNA positive cells expressed ER&amp;beta; protein. In the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) of gonadectomized males and females, ER&amp;beta; positive cells scattered along the rostrocaudal axis with an increasing number toward the caudal, ventrolateral portion. In gonadectomized animals, females had contained a significantly larger number of ER&amp;beta;-positive cells than males. Estrogen supplement caused significant reductions in the number of ER&amp;beta; positive cells in both sexes. Infusion of a retrograde tracer, Fluoro-Gold in the midbrain central gray (CG) at the mid-collicular level labeled about 30% of ER&amp;beta; positive cells in the caudal portion of the VMN. Sex-difference in the number of ER&amp;beta;-positive cells with CG projection suggests sex-specific modulation of autonomic sensory or behavioral function of estrogen through ER&amp;beta;. &lt;b&gt;[Jpn J Physiol 55 Suppl:S213 (2005)]&lt;/b&gt;

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本動物心理学会  

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Publisher：PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN  

In the preoptic area and the hypothalamus of rat brain, estrogen receptor (ER) &amp;alpha; mRNA and protein are expressed and regulated by estrogen. Here we report sex difference and estrogen-dependent, region-specific regulation of ER&amp;beta;, another major molecule which mediates estrogen action. ER&amp;beta; mRNA and protein were visualized in the rat brain, in particular, the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, preoptic area and medial amygdala of both sexes, by either non-isotopic &lt;I&gt;in situ&lt;/I&gt; hybridization or immunohistochemistry. In the ventromedial nucleus and the preoptic area of gonadectomized adult animals, a significantly larger number of neurons with ER&amp;beta; message or protein were detected in females than in males. Such sex difference was not detected in the amygdala. In the ventromedial nucleus of either sex, estrogen administration to the gonadectomized adults caused a reduction of ER&amp;beta; message or protein; no such effects were detected in the preoptic area or the amygdala. The results suggest that region-specific, ligand-dependent regulation of ER&amp;beta; in the rat brain. &lt;b&gt;[Jpn J Physiol 54 Suppl:S223 (2004)]&lt;/b&gt;

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本産科婦人科学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Books

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Language：English  

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Presentation type：Poster presentation  

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